Important: THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT 'AS IS' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation. 3Com and HomeConnect are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation.

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3ware is a registered trademark of 3ware Inc. ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. Adaptec is a registered trademark of Adaptec, Inc. Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, AirPort, FireWire, iMac, iPhone, iPad, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S.

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And other countries. Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. And other countries. IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.

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Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. RealNetworks, RealPlayer, and RealAudio are the registered trademarks of RealNetworks, Inc.

Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. In the United States and other countries. Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS and VirtualBox are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. In the United States and other countries. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. SpeedTouch is a trademark of Thomson.

VMware is a trademark of VMware, Inc. Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc. XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc. Ogg Vorbis and Xiph.Org are trademarks of Xiph.Org. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.

Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the “ ™” or the “ ®” symbol. Abstract Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD 9.3-RELEASE and FreeBSD 10.3-RELEASE. This book is the result of ongoing work by many individuals. Some sections might be outdated. Those interested in helping to update and expand this document should send email to the.

The latest version of this book is available from the. Previous versions can be obtained from.

The book can be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the or one of the numerous. Printed copies can be purchased at the. Searches can be performed on the handbook and other documents on the. Preface Intended Audience The FreeBSD newcomer will find that the first section of this book guides the user through the FreeBSD installation process and gently introduces the concepts and conventions that underpin UNIX®. Working through this section requires little more than the desire to explore, and the ability to take on board new concepts as they are introduced.

Once you have traveled this far, the second, far larger, section of the Handbook is a comprehensive reference to all manner of topics of interest to FreeBSD system administrators. Some of these chapters may recommend that you do some prior reading, and this is noted in the synopsis at the beginning of each chapter. For a list of additional sources of information, please see.

Changes from the Third Edition The current online version of the Handbook represents the cumulative effort of many hundreds of contributors over the past 10 years. The following are some of the significant changes since the two volume third edition was published in 2004. has been added with information about the powerful DTrace performance analysis tool.

has been added with information about non-native file systems in FreeBSD, such as ZFS from Sun™. has been added to cover the new auditing capabilities in FreeBSD and explain its use. has been added with information about installing FreeBSD on virtualization software. has been added to cover installation of FreeBSD using the new installation utility, bsdinstall. Changes from the Second Edition (2004) The third edition was the culmination of over two years of work by the dedicated members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project.

The printed edition grew to such a size that it was necessary to publish as two separate volumes. The following are the major changes in this new edition. has been expanded with new information about the ACPI power and resource management, the cron system utility, and more kernel tuning options. has been expanded with new information about virtual private networks (VPNs), file system access control lists (ACLs), and security advisories. is a new chapter with this edition.

It explains what MAC is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system. has been expanded with new information about USB storage devices, file system snapshots, file system quotas, file and network backed filesystems, and encrypted disk partitions. A troubleshooting section has been added to. has been expanded with new information about using alternative transport agents, SMTP authentication, UUCP, fetchmail, procmail, and other advanced topics. is all new with this edition. This chapter includes information about setting up the Apache HTTP Server, ftpd, and setting up a server for Microsoft® Windows® clients with Samba. Some sections from were moved here to improve the presentation.

has been expanded with new information about using Bluetooth® devices with FreeBSD, setting up wireless networks, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. A glossary has been added to provide a central location for the definitions of technical terms used throughout the book. A number of aesthetic improvements have been made to the tables and figures throughout the book. Changes from the First Edition (2001) The second edition was the culmination of over two years of work by the dedicated members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project. The following were the major changes in this edition. A complete Index has been added. All ASCII figures have been replaced by graphical diagrams.

A standard synopsis has been added to each chapter to give a quick summary of what information the chapter contains, and what the reader is expected to know. The content has been logically reorganized into three parts: “ Getting Started”, “ System Administration”, and “ Appendices”. has been expanded to contain additional information about processes, daemons, and signals. has been expanded to contain additional information about binary package management. has been completely rewritten with an emphasis on using modern desktop technologies such as KDE and GNOME on XFree86™ 4.X.

has been expanded. has been written from what used to be two separate chapters on “ Disks” and “ Backups”. We feel that the topics are easier to comprehend when presented as a single chapter. A section on RAID (both hardware and software) has also been added. has been completely reorganized and updated for FreeBSD 4.X/5.X. has been substantially updated. Many new sections have been added to.

has been expanded to include more information about configuring sendmail. has been expanded to include information about installing Oracle® and SAP® R/3®. The following new topics are covered in this second edition. Organization of This Book This book is split into five logically distinct sections. The first section, Getting Started, covers the installation and basic usage of FreeBSD.

It is expected that the reader will follow these chapters in sequence, possibly skipping chapters covering familiar topics. The second section, Common Tasks, covers some frequently used features of FreeBSD. This section, and all subsequent sections, can be read out of order.

Each chapter begins with a succinct synopsis that describes what the chapter covers and what the reader is expected to already know. This is meant to allow the casual reader to skip around to find chapters of interest. The third section, System Administration, covers administration topics. The fourth section, Network Communication, covers networking and server topics. The fifth section contains appendices of reference information.

Introduces FreeBSD to a new user. It describes the history of the FreeBSD Project, its goals and development model. Walks a user through the entire installation process of FreeBSD 9. X and later using bsdinstall.

Covers the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. If you are familiar with Linux® or another flavor of UNIX® then you can probably skip this chapter. Covers the installation of third-party software with both FreeBSD's innovative “ Ports Collection” and standard binary packages. Describes the X Window System in general and using X11 on FreeBSD in particular. Also describes common desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME.

Lists some common desktop applications, such as web browsers and productivity suites, and describes how to install them on FreeBSD. Shows how to set up sound and video playback support for your system. Also describes some sample audio and video applications. Explains why you might need to configure a new kernel and provides detailed instructions for configuring, building, and installing a custom kernel. Describes managing printers on FreeBSD, including information about banner pages, printer accounting, and initial setup. Describes the Linux® compatibility features of FreeBSD.

Also provides detailed installation instructions for many popular Linux® applications such as Oracle® and Mathematica®. Describes the parameters available for system administrators to tune a FreeBSD system for optimum performance. Also describes the various configuration files used in FreeBSD and where to find them.

Describes the FreeBSD boot process and explains how to control this process with configuration options. Describes many different tools available to help keep your FreeBSD system secure, including Kerberos, IPsec and OpenSSH. Describes the jails framework, and the improvements of jails over the traditional chroot support of FreeBSD. Explains what Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system.

Describes what FreeBSD Event Auditing is, how it can be installed, configured, and how audit trails can be inspected or monitored. Describes how to manage storage media and filesystems with FreeBSD. This includes physical disks, RAID arrays, optical and tape media, memory-backed disks, and network filesystems. Describes what the GEOM framework in FreeBSD is and how to configure various supported RAID levels.

Examines support of non-native file systems in FreeBSD, like the Z File System from Sun™. Describes what virtualization systems offer, and how they can be used with FreeBSD. Describes how to use FreeBSD in languages other than English. Covers both system and application level localization. Explains the differences between FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT, and FreeBSD releases.

Describes which users would benefit from tracking a development system and outlines that process. Covers the methods users may take to update their system to the latest security release. Describes how to configure and use the DTrace tool from Sun™ in FreeBSD. Dynamic tracing can help locate performance issues, by performing real time system analysis. Explains how to connect terminals and modems to your FreeBSD system for both dial in and dial out connections.

Describes how to use PPP to connect to remote systems with FreeBSD. Explains the different components of an email server and dives into simple configuration topics for the most popular mail server software: sendmail. Provides detailed instructions and example configuration files to set up your FreeBSD machine as a network filesystem server, domain name server, network information system server, or time synchronization server. Explains the philosophy behind software-based firewalls and provides detailed information about the configuration of the different firewalls available for FreeBSD. Describes many networking topics, including sharing an Internet connection with other computers on your LAN, advanced routing topics, wireless networking, Bluetooth®, ATM, IPv6, and much more.

Lists different sources for obtaining FreeBSD media on CDROM or DVD as well as different sites on the Internet that allow you to download and install FreeBSD. This book touches on many different subjects that may leave you hungry for a more detailed explanation. The bibliography lists many excellent books that are referenced in the text. Describes the many forums available for FreeBSD users to post questions and engage in technical conversations about FreeBSD. Lists the PGP fingerprints of several FreeBSD Developers. Conventions used in this book To provide a consistent and easy to read text, several conventions are followed throughout the book.

Typographic Conventions. Italic An italic font is used for filenames, URLs, emphasized text, and the first usage of technical terms. Monospace A monospaced font is used for error messages, commands, environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, device names, variables, and code fragments. Bold A bold font is used for applications, commands, and keys. User Input Keys are shown in bold to stand out from other text. Key combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with ` +' between the keys, such as: Ctrl+ Alt+ Del Meaning the user should type the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time. Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, for example: Ctrl+ X, Ctrl+ S Would mean that the user is expected to type the Ctrl and X keys simultaneously and then to type the Ctrl and S keys simultaneously.

Examples Examples starting with C: indicate a MS-DOS® command. Unless otherwise noted, these commands may be executed from a “ Command Prompt” window in a modern Microsoft® Windows® environment. E: tools fdimage floppies kern.flp A: Examples starting with # indicate a command that must be invoked as the superuser in FreeBSD. You can login as root to type the command, or login as your normal account and use to gain superuser privileges.

# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0 Examples starting with% indicate a command that should be invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax is used for setting environment variables and other shell commands.% top Acknowledgments The book you are holding represents the efforts of many hundreds of people around the world. Whether they sent in fixes for typos, or submitted complete chapters, all the contributions have been useful. Several companies have supported the development of this document by paying authors to work on it full-time, paying for publication, etc. In particular, BSDi (subsequently acquired by ) paid members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project to work on improving this book full time leading up to the publication of the first printed edition in March 2000 (ISBN 1-57176-241-8). Wind River Systems then paid several additional authors to make a number of improvements to the print-output infrastructure and to add additional chapters to the text.

This work culminated in the publication of the second printed edition in November 2001 (ISBN 1-57176-303-1). In 2003-2004, paid several contributors to improve the Handbook in preparation for the third printed edition.

Preemptive multitasking with dynamic priority adjustment to ensure smooth and fair sharing of the computer between applications and users, even under the heaviest of loads. Multi-user facilities which allow many people to use a FreeBSD system simultaneously for a variety of things. This means, for example, that system peripherals such as printers and tape drives are properly shared between all users on the system or the network and that individual resource limits can be placed on users or groups of users, protecting critical system resources from over-use. Strong TCP/IP networking with support for industry standards such as SCTP, DHCP, NFS, NIS, PPP, SLIP, IPsec, and IPv6. This means that your FreeBSD machine can interoperate easily with other systems as well as act as an enterprise server, providing vital functions such as NFS (remote file access) and email services or putting your organization on the Internet with WWW, FTP, routing and firewall (security) services. Memory protection ensures that applications (or users) cannot interfere with each other.

One application crashing will not affect others in any way. The industry standard X Window System (X11R7) can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) on any machine and comes with full sources. Binary compatibility with many programs built for Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI and NetBSD. Thousands of ready-to-run applications are available from the FreeBSD ports and packages collection.

Why search the net when you can find it all right here?. Thousands of additional and easy-to-port applications are available on the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most popular commercial UNIX® systems and thus most applications require few, if any, changes to compile. Demand paged virtual memory and “ merged VM/buffer cache” design efficiently satisfies applications with large appetites for memory while still maintaining interactive response to other users. SMP support for machines with multiple CPUs. A full complement of C and C development tools.

Many additional languages for advanced research and development are also available in the ports and packages collection. Source code for the entire system means you have the greatest degree of control over your environment. Why be locked into a proprietary solution at the mercy of your vendor when you can have a truly open system?.

Extensive online documentation. And many more! FreeBSD is based on the 4.4BSD-Lite release from Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California at Berkeley, and carries on the distinguished tradition of BSD systems development.

In addition to the fine work provided by CSRG, the FreeBSD Project has put in many thousands of hours in fine tuning the system for maximum performance and reliability in real-life load situations. FreeBSD offers performance and reliability on par with commercial offerings, combined with many cutting-edge features not available anywhere else. The applications to which FreeBSD can be put are truly limited only by your own imagination. From software development to factory automation, inventory control to azimuth correction of remote satellite antennae; if it can be done with a commercial UNIX® product then it is more than likely that you can do it with FreeBSD too! FreeBSD also benefits significantly from literally thousands of high quality applications developed by research centers and universities around the world, often available at little to no cost.

Commercial applications are also available and appearing in greater numbers every day. Because the source code for FreeBSD itself is generally available, the system can also be customized to an almost unheard of degree for special applications or projects, and in ways not generally possible with operating systems from most major commercial vendors. Here is just a sampling of some of the applications in which people are currently using FreeBSD. World Wide Web servers (standard or secure SSL). IPv4 and IPv6 routing. Firewalls and NAT ( “ IP masquerading”) gateways. FTP servers.

Electronic Mail servers. And more. Education: Are you a student of computer science or a related engineering field? There is no better way of learning about operating systems, computer architecture and networking than the hands on, under the hood experience that FreeBSD can provide. A number of freely available CAD, mathematical and graphic design packages also make it highly useful to those whose primary interest in a computer is to get other work done!. Research: With source code for the entire system available, FreeBSD is an excellent platform for research in operating systems as well as other branches of computer science. FreeBSD's freely available nature also makes it possible for remote groups to collaborate on ideas or shared development without having to worry about special licensing agreements or limitations on what may be discussed in open forums.

Networking: Need a new router? A name server (DNS)? A firewall to keep people out of your internal network? FreeBSD can easily turn that unused PC sitting in the corner into an advanced router with sophisticated packet-filtering capabilities. Embedded: FreeBSD makes an excellent platform to build embedded systems upon. With support for the ARM®, MIPS® and PowerPC® platforms, coupled with a robust network stack, cutting edge features and the permissive FreeBSD makes an excellent foundation for building embedded routers, firewalls, and other devices.

Desktop: FreeBSD makes a fine choice for an inexpensive desktop solution using the freely available X11 server. FreeBSD offers a choice from many open-source desktop environments, including the standard GNOME and KDE graphical user interfaces. FreeBSD can even boot “ diskless” from a central server, making individual workstations even cheaper and easier to administer. Software Development: The basic FreeBSD system comes with a full complement of development tools including a full C/C compiler and debugger suite.

Support for many other languages are also available through the ports and packages collection. FreeBSD is available to download free of charge, or can be obtained on either CD-ROM or DVD. Please see for more information about obtaining FreeBSD. The Apache Software Foundation runs most of its public facing infrastructure, including possibly one of the largest SVN repositories in the world with over 1.4 million commits, on FreeBSD.

OS X borrows heavily from FreeBSD for the network stack, virtual file system, and many userland components. Apple iOS also contains elements borrowed from FreeBSD. IronPort network security and anti-spam appliances run a modified FreeBSD kernel. The NetScaler line of security appliances provide layer 4-7 load balancing, content caching, application firewall, secure VPN, and mobile cloud network access, along with the power of a FreeBSD shell. The KACE system management appliances run FreeBSD because of its reliability, scalability, and the community that supports its continued development. All public facing web servers are powered by FreeBSD and they make extensive use of jails to isolate development and testing environments without the overhead of virtualization. Isilon's enterprise storage appliances are based on FreeBSD.

The extremely liberal FreeBSD license allowed Isilon to integrate their intellectual property throughout the kernel and focus on building their product instead of an operating system. The TrueNAS line of unified storage appliances is based on FreeBSD. In addition to their commercial products, iXsystems also manages development of the open source projects PC-BSD and FreeNAS. The JunOS operating system that powers all Juniper networking gear (including routers, switches, security, and networking appliances) is based on FreeBSD. Juniper is one of many vendors that showcases the symbiotic relationship between the project and vendors of commercial products. Improvements generated at Juniper are upstreamed into FreeBSD to reduce the complexity of integrating new features from FreeBSD back into JunOS in the future.

SecurOS, the basis of McAfee enterprise firewall products including Sidewinder is based on FreeBSD. The Data ONTAP GX line of storage appliances are based on FreeBSD.

In addition, NetApp has contributed back many features, including the new BSD licensed hypervisor, bhyve. The OpenConnect appliance that Netflix uses to stream movies to its customers is based on FreeBSD. Netflix has made extensive contributions to the codebase and works to maintain a zero delta from mainline FreeBSD. Netflix OpenConnect appliances are responsible for delivering more than 32% of all Internet traffic in North America. Sandvine uses FreeBSD as the basis of their high performance realtime network processing platforms that make up their intelligent network policy control products.

The PlayStation 4 gaming console runs a modified version of FreeBSD. The Sophos Email Appliance product is based on a hardened FreeBSD and scans inbound mail for spam and viruses, while also monitoring outbound mail for malware as well as the accidental loss of sensitive information.

The nTier line of archive grade storage appliances run FreeBSD and OpenZFS. The IntelliStar appliance that is installed at each local cable providers headend and is responsible for injecting local weather forecasts into the cable TV network's programming runs FreeBSD. Verisign is responsible for operating the.com and.net root domain registries as well as the accompanying DNS infrastructure. They rely on a number of different network operating systems including FreeBSD to ensure there is no common point of failure in their infrastructure. Voxer powers their mobile voice messaging platform with ZFS on FreeBSD. Voxer switched from a Solaris derivative to FreeBSD because of its superior documentation, larger and more active community, and more developer friendly environment.

In addition to critical features like ZFS and DTrace, FreeBSD also offers TRIM support for ZFS. When WhatsApp needed a platform that would be able to handle more than 1 million concurrent TCP connections per server, they chose FreeBSD.

They then proceeded to scale past 2.5 million connections per server. The FUDO security appliance allows enterprises to monitor, control, record, and audit contractors and administrators who work on their systems. Based on all of the best security features of FreeBSD including ZFS, GELI, Capsicum, HAST, and auditdistd. FreeBSD has also spawned a number of related open source projects.

A FreeBSD based replacement for large enterprise routers designed to run on standard PC hardware. A customized FreeBSD designed to be used as a network file server appliance. Provides a python based web interface to simplify the management of both the UFS and ZFS file systems.

Includes support for NFS, SMB/CIFS, AFP, FTP, and iSCSI. Includes an extensible plugin system based on FreeBSD jails.

A desktop oriented distribution of FreeBSD bundled with the Gnome desktop environment. A toolkit for building a FreeBSD system image that runs entirely from memory.

A file server distribution based on FreeBSD with a PHP powered web interface. A customized version of FreeBSD geared towards desktop users with graphical utilities to exposing the power of FreeBSD to all users. Designed to ease the transition of Windows and OS X users. A firewall distribution based on FreeBSD with a huge array of features and extensive IPv6 support. A stripped down version of FreeBSD bundled with a web server and PHP. Designed as an embedded firewall appliance with a footprint of less than 12 MB.

An open source alternative firmware for embedded devices based on FreeBSD. Designed to replace the proprietary firmware on off-the-shelf routers. FreeBSD is also used to power some of the biggest sites on the Internet, including. 1.3.1. A Brief History of FreeBSD The FreeBSD Project had its genesis in the early part of 1993, partially as an outgrowth of the Unofficial 386BSDPatchkit by the patchkit's last 3 coordinators: Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan Hubbard. The original goal was to produce an intermediate snapshot of 386BSD in order to fix a number of problems with it that the patchkit mechanism just was not capable of solving. The early working title for the project was 386BSD 0.5 or 386BSD Interim in reference of that fact.

386BSD was Bill Jolitz's operating system, which had been up to that point suffering rather severely from almost a year's worth of neglect. As the patchkit swelled ever more uncomfortably with each passing day, they decided to assist Bill by providing this interim “ cleanup” snapshot. Those plans came to a rude halt when Bill Jolitz suddenly decided to withdraw his sanction from the project without any clear indication of what would be done instead. The trio thought that the goal remained worthwhile, even without Bill's support, and so they adopted the name 'FreeBSD' coined by David Greenman. The initial objectives were set after consulting with the system's current users and, once it became clear that the project was on the road to perhaps even becoming a reality, Jordan contacted Walnut Creek CDROM with an eye toward improving FreeBSD's distribution channels for those many unfortunates without easy access to the Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of distributing FreeBSD on CD but also went so far as to provide the project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection. Without Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecedented degree of faith in what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is quite unlikely that FreeBSD would have gotten as far, as fast, as it has today.

The first CD-ROM (and general net-wide) distribution was FreeBSD 1.0, released in December of 1993. This was based on the 4.3BSD-Lite ( “ Net/2”) tape from U.C. Berkeley, with many components also provided by 386BSD and the Free Software Foundation. It was a fairly reasonable success for a first offering, and they followed it with the highly successful FreeBSD 1.1 release in May of 1994.

Around this time, some rather unexpected storm clouds formed on the horizon as Novell and U.C. Berkeley settled their long-running lawsuit over the legal status of the Berkeley Net/2 tape. A condition of that settlement was U.C. Berkeley's concession that large parts of Net/2 were “ encumbered” code and the property of Novell, who had in turn acquired it from AT&T some time previously. What Berkeley got in return was Novell's “ blessing” that the 4.4BSD-Lite release, when it was finally released, would be declared unencumbered and all existing Net/2 users would be strongly encouraged to switch. This included FreeBSD, and the project was given until the end of July 1994 to stop shipping its own Net/2 based product. Under the terms of that agreement, the project was allowed one last release before the deadline, that release being FreeBSD 1.1.5.1.

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FreeBSD then set about the arduous task of literally re-inventing itself from a completely new and rather incomplete set of 4.4BSD-Lite bits. The “ Lite” releases were light in part because Berkeley's CSRG had removed large chunks of code required for actually constructing a bootable running system (due to various legal requirements) and the fact that the Intel port of 4.4 was highly incomplete. It took the project until November of 1994 to make this transition, and in December it released FreeBSD 2.0 to the world.

Despite being still more than a little rough around the edges, the release was a significant success and was followed by the more robust and easier to install FreeBSD 2.0.5 release in June of 1995. Since that time, FreeBSD has made a series of releases each time improving the stability, speed, and feature set of the previous version. For now, long-term development projects continue to take place in the 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) branch, and snapshot releases of 10.X are continually made available from as work progresses. Contributed by Jordan Hubbard. The goals of the FreeBSD Project are to provide software that may be used for any purpose and without strings attached.

Many of us have a significant investment in the code (and project) and would certainly not mind a little financial compensation now and then, but we are definitely not prepared to insist on it. We believe that our first and foremost “ mission” is to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets the widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit. This is, I believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free Software and one that we enthusiastically support. That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU General Public License (GPL) or Library General Public License (LGPL) comes with slightly more strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced access rather than the usual opposite. Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in the commercial use of GPL software we do, however, prefer software submitted under the more relaxed BSD copyright when it is a reasonable option to do so. Contributed by Satoshi Asami.

The development of FreeBSD is a very open and flexible process, being literally built from the contributions of thousands of people around the world, as can be seen from our. FreeBSD's development infrastructure allow these thousands of contributors to collaborate over the Internet. We are constantly on the lookout for new developers and ideas, and those interested in becoming more closely involved with the project need simply contact us at the.

The is also available to those wishing to make other FreeBSD users aware of major areas of work. Useful things to know about the FreeBSD Project and its development process, whether working independently or in close cooperation. The SVN repositories For several years, the central source tree for FreeBSD was maintained by (Concurrent Versions System), a freely available source code control tool. In June 2008, the Project switched to using (Subversion). The switch was deemed necessary, as the technical limitations imposed by CVS were becoming obvious due to the rapid expansion of the source tree and the amount of history already stored. The Documentation Project and Ports Collection repositories also moved from CVS to SVN in May 2012 and July 2012, respectively.

Please refer to the section for more information on obtaining the FreeBSD src/ repository and for details on obtaining the FreeBSD Ports Collection. The committers list The committers are the people who have write access to the Subversion tree, and are authorized to make modifications to the FreeBSD source (the term “ committer” comes from commit, the source control command which is used to bring new changes into the repository). Anyone can submit a bug to the. Before submitting a bug report, the FreeBSD mailing lists, IRC channels, or forums can be used to help verify that an issue is actually a bug. The FreeBSD core team The FreeBSD core team would be equivalent to the board of directors if the FreeBSD Project were a company. The primary task of the core team is to make sure the project, as a whole, is in good shape and is heading in the right directions. Inviting dedicated and responsible developers to join our group of committers is one of the functions of the core team, as is the recruitment of new core team members as others move on.

The current core team was elected from a pool of committer candidates in July 2014. Elections are held every 2 years. Note: Like most developers, most members of the core team are also volunteers when it comes to FreeBSD development and do not benefit from the project financially, so “ commitment” should also not be misconstrued as meaning “ guaranteed support.” The “ board of directors” analogy above is not very accurate, and it may be more suitable to say that these are the people who gave up their lives in favor of FreeBSD against their better judgement! Outside contributors Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of developers are the users themselves who provide feedback and bug fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary way of keeping in touch with FreeBSD's more non-centralized development is to subscribe to the where such things are discussed.

See for more information about the various FreeBSD mailing lists. Is a long and growing one, so why not join it by contributing something back to FreeBSD today? Providing code is not the only way of contributing to the project; for a more complete list of things that need doing, please refer to the.

In summary, our development model is organized as a loose set of concentric circles. The centralized model is designed for the convenience of the users of FreeBSD, who are provided with an easy way of tracking one central code base, not to keep potential contributors out! Our desire is to present a stable operating system with a large set of coherent that the users can easily install and use — this model works very well in accomplishing that. All we ask of those who would join us as FreeBSD developers is some of the same dedication its current people have to its continued success!

1.3.4. Third Party Programs In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a ported software collection with thousands of commonly sought-after programs. At the time of this writing, there were over 24,000 ports! The list of ports ranges from http servers, to games, languages, editors, and almost everything in between. The entire Ports Collection requires approximately 500 MB. To compile a port, you simply change to the directory of the program you wish to install, type make install, and let the system do the rest. The full original distribution for each port you build is retrieved dynamically so you need only enough disk space to build the ports you want. Almost every port is also provided as a pre-compiled “ package”, which can be installed with a simple command ( pkg install.

Ovechkin carrying the Cup into World Cup Fanfest. He was enveloped by security and media. He had to come back and to get security to let me, and a few others through. — Tom Gulitti (@TomGulittiNHL) Ovechkin said he wishes the Russian soccer team well in its quarterfinal match against Croatia in Sochi.

'The national team did a great a job for the fans. Everyone is so happy. Miracles can happen. We are not far away from the final,' he said. 'We need to fight, and our players understand it.

They will do everything that they can.' Ovechkin won his first Stanley Cup championship a month ago in his 13th season in Washington. Other Russian NHL players are also interested in soccer. Evgeni Malkin of the Pittsburgh Penguins posted a picture on Instagram showing himself on a luxury jet with Ilya Kovalchuk of the Los Angeles Kings and Alexander Radulov of the Dallas Stars. 'Flying to Sochi' was the caption. Subscribe to Sportsnet.ca newsletters.

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Send me a special email on my birthday. Sportsnet 960 - From Our Partners Send me alerts, event notifications and special deals or information from our carefully screened partners that may be of interest to me. Sportsnet 650 - Weekly Newsletter Weekly updates on contests, events, and information. Sportsnet 650 - Promotions Send me promotions, surveys and info from SPORTSNET 650 and other Rogers brands. Sportsnet 650 - Breaking Sports Alerts Be the first to know all the breaking Vancouver sports news. Sportsnet 650 - It's Your Birthday! Send me a special email on my birthday.

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